Direct comparison of digital subtraction myelography versus CT myelography in lateral decubitus position: evaluation of diagnostic yield for cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-venous fistulas (CVFs) are increasingly identified as a cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Lateral decubitus digital subtraction myelography (LD-DSM) and CT myelography (LD-CTM) are mainly used for detection, but the most sensitive method is yet unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare LD-DSM with LD-CTM for diagnostic yield of CVFs. METHODS: Patients with SIH diagnosed with a CVF between January 2021 and December 2022 in which the area of CVF(s) was covered by both diagnostic modalities were included. LD-CTM immediately followed LD-DSM without repositioning the spinal needle, and the second half of the contrast agent was injected at the CT scanner. Patients were awake or mildly sedated. Retrospectively, two neuroradiologists evaluated data independently and blinded for the presence of CVF. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent a total of 27 combined LD-DSM/LD-CTM examinations (4/20 with follow-up and 3/20 with bilateral examinations). Both raters identified significantly more CVFs with LD-CTM than with LD-DSM (rater 1: 39 vs 9, P<0.001; rater 2: 42 vs 12, P<0.001). Inter-rater agreement was substantial for LD-DSM (κ=0.732) and LD-CTM (κ=0.655). The results remained significant after considering the senior rating for cases of disagreement (39 vs 10; P<0.001), and no CVF detected on LD-DSM was missed on LD-CTM. CONCLUSION: In this study, LD-CTM has a higher diagnostic yield for the detection of CVFs than LD-DSM and should supplement LD-DSM, but further studies are needed. LD-CTM can be easily acquired in awake or mildly sedated patients with the second half of contrast injected just before CT scanning, or it may be considered as a stand-alone investigation.

Susceptibility vessel sign, a predictor of long-term outcome in patients with stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: The absence of the susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) in patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is associated with poor radiological and clinical outcomes after 3 months. Underlying conditions, such as cancer, are assumed to influence SVS status and could potentially impact the long-term outcome. We aimed to assess SVS status as an independent predictor of long-term outcomes in MT-treated patients. METHODS: SVS status was retrospectively determined in consecutive MT-treated patients at a comprehensive stroke center between 2010 and 2018. Predictors of long-term mortality and poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≥3) up to 8 years were identified using multivariable Cox and logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 558 patients included, SVS was absent in 13% (n=71) and present in 87% (n=487) on baseline imaging. Patients without SVS were more likely to have active cancer (P=0.003) and diabetes mellitus (P<0.001) at the time of stroke. The median long-term follow-up time was 1058 days (IQR 533-1671 days). After adjustment for active cancer and diabetes mellitus, among others, the absence of SVS was associated with long-term mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) 2.11, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.29) and poor functional outcome in the long term (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.90, 95% CI 1.29 to 6.55). CONCLUSION: MT-treated patients without SVS have higher long-term mortality rates and poorer long-term functional outcome. It appears that this association cannot be explained by comorbidities alone, and further studies are warranted.

Sacral Dural Tears as a Cause of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension.

PURPOSE: Dural tears at the level of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine cause spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) in patients with a spinal longitudinal extradural CSF collection (SLEC); however, sacral dural tears have rarely been reported so far. This study focuses on sacral dural tears as a cause of SIH. METHODS: Retrospective data from SIH patients with confirmed sacral dural tears studied between October 2020 and November 2022 were analyzed with respect to demographic, clinical and imaging features. Digital subtraction myelography (DSM) and lumbar epidural blood patch (EBP) were modified by placing the patient in reversed Trendelenburg position. RESULTS: Of the SIH patients, 9 (all women; mean age, 38.5 years; mean body mass index, BMI, 22.9) out of 149 had a sacral dural leak (6%) that occurred spontaneously in 7/9, while 2/9 were likely associated with minor trauma. None had a sacral fracture. The mean SIH score was 6.8. All patients showed SLEC on heavily T2-weighted MR myelography (T2-MRM), 4/9 exclusively sacral and 5/9 with partial or complete involvement of the remaining spine. 4/9 had none, but 5/9 had meningeal sacral cysts, 2/5 had large cysts/ectasia. Confirmation of the sacral origin of the leak was provided in 4/9 by T2-MRM, in 2/9 by DSM and 3/9 by CT myelography (CTM) whereas 0/9 revealed the exact site of leak within the sacrum. CONCLUSION: Sacral dural tears should be considered as a possible cause for SIH. It is concluded to implement T2-MRM covering the entire sacrum in the standard MRI protocol and propose EBP in the reverse Trendelenburg position as a therapeutic approach.

Prone Dynamic CT Myelography in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension : Diagnostic Need and Radiation Doses.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The diagnostic work-up in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and spinal longitudinal extradural CSF collection (SLEC) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comprises dynamic digital subtraction myelography (dDSM) in prone position for leak detection. Dynamic computed tomography (CT) myelography (dCT-M) in prone position follows if the leak is not unequivocally located. A drawback of dCT­M is a high radiation dose. This study evaluates the diagnostic needs of dCT-M examinations and measures to reduce radiation doses. METHODS: Frequency, leak sites, length and number of spiral acquisitions, DLP and effective doses of dCT­M were retrospectively recorded in patients with ventral dural tears. RESULTS: Of 42 patients with ventral dural tears, 8 underwent 11 dCT­M when the leak was not unequivocally shown on digital subtraction myelography. The median number of spiral acquisitions was 4 (range 3-7) and the mean effective radiation dose 30.6 mSv (range 13.1-62.16 mSv) mSv. Five of eight leaks were located in the upper thoracic spine (range C7/Th1-Th2/3). Bolus tracking of intrathecal contrast agent in dCT­M was used to limit the number and length of spiral acquisitions. DISCUSSION: A dCT­M in prone position to localize a ventral dural tear is needed in every fifth patient with a SLEC on MRI. It is typically needed when the leak is located in the upper thoracic spine and when patients have broad shoulders. Measures to reduce the radiation dose include bolus tracking or to repeat the DSM with adjusted positioning of patient.

Absence of Susceptibility Vessel Sign in Patients With Malignancy-Related Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated With Mechanical Thrombectomy.

Background and Purpose: Clots rich in platelets and fibrin retrieved from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have been shown to be independently associated with the absence of the susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) on MRI and active malignancy. This study analyzed the association of SVS and the presence of active malignancy in patients with AIS who underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Methods: This single-center, retrospective, and cross-sectional study included consecutive patients with AIS with admission MRI treated with MT between January 2010 and December 2018. SVS status was evaluated on susceptibility-weighted imaging. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated to determine the association between absent SVS and the presence of active or occult malignancy. The performance of predictive models incorporating and excluding SVS status was compared using areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (auROC). Results: Of 577 patients with AIS with assessable SVS status, 40 (6.9%) had a documented active malignancy and 72 (12.5%) showed no SVS. The absence of SVS was associated with active malignancy (aOR 4.85, 95% CI 1.94-12.11) or occult malignancy (aOR 11.42, 95% CI 2.36-55.20). The auROC of predictive models, including demographics and common malignancy biomarkers, was higher but not significant (0.85 vs. 0.81, p = 0.07) when SVS status was included. Conclusion: Absence of SVS on admission MRI of patients with AIS undergoing MT is associated with malignancy, regardless of whether known or occult. Therefore, the SVS might be helpful in detecting paraneoplastic coagulation disorders and occult malignancy in patients with AIS.

Absence of pontine perforators in vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia on ultra-high resolution cone-beam computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBDE) is a rare type of non-saccular intracranial aneurysm, with poor natural history and limited effective treatment options. Visualizing neurovascular microanatomy in patients with VBDE has not been previously reported, but may yield insight into the pathology, and provide important information for treatment planning. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a retrospective analysis of ultra-high resolution cone-beam computed tomography (UHR-CBCT) in patients with fusiform basilar aneurysms, visualizing neurovascular microanatomy of the posterior circulation with a special focus on the pontine perforators. METHODS: UHR-CBCT was performed in seven patients (mean age 59 years; two female) with a VBDE, and in 14 control patients with unrelated conditions. RESULTS: The mean maximum diameter of the fusiform vessel segment was 28 mm (range 19-36 mm), and the mean length of the segment was 39 mm (range 15-50 mm). In all patients with VBDE, UHR-CBCT demonstrated an absence of perforating arteries in the fusiform arterial segment and a mean of 3.7 perforators arising from the unaffected vessel segment. The network of interconnected superficial circumferential pontine arteries (brainstem vasocorona) were draping around the aneurysm sac. In controls, a mean of 3.6, 2.5, and 1.2 perforators were demonstrated arising from the distal, mid-, and proximal basilar artery, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of pontine perforators in the fusiform vessel segment of VBDE is counterbalanced by recruitment of collateral flow from pontine perforators arising from the unaffected segment of the basilar artery, as well as collaterals arising from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery/posterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery. These alternative routes supply the superficial brainstem arteries (brainstem vasocorona) and sustain brainstem viability. Our findings might have implications for further treatment planning.

What is the Evidence of Lymphoma in Patients with Prostheses Other Than Breast Implants?

INTRODUCTION: Medical devices such as hip, knee, breast, vascular prostheses, among others, are very useful in different pathologies. We cannot doubt that their use is a great tool, besides being an advance in medicine; they provide a change in the quality of life of many patients; however, they are not exempt from adverse reactions and events. METHODS: We conduct a systematic review about lymphoma in the presences of prostheses other than breast implants. RESULTS: We selected 21 publications with a total of 24 patients. The largest number of prostheses was related to long bones in a total of 13 prostheses. The most frequent symptoms were: pain (52%), inflammation (24%), visible or palpable mass 20%. The most frequent type of lymphoma was non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma in 14 cases. DISCUSSION: The presence of microparticles make biological degradation and wear of the implants, with macrophage and lymphocyte activation and the consequent production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). CONCLUSION: Lymphoma is not a common disease in patients with prostheses, and more data are needed to identify risk factors and make proper diagnoses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Thyroid gland rupture after blunt neck trauma: A case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Soft tissue injuries are relatively common after blunt neck trauma, because of its complex anatomy, many vital structures can be compromised. Isolated trauma to the thyroid is highly uncommon and there are few cases reported in the literature. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 19 year-old female patient with no known pathologies who sustained direct blunt trauma to the right frontal half of the neck after falling down from a stair case. She arrived at the ER with moderate neck swelling and pain. There were no visible hematomas and no respiratory compromise was noted. Contrast enhanced CT-scan showed rupture and hematoma of the right thyroid lobe; she underwent surgical exploration with hemi thyroidectomy and recovered uneventfully. DISCUSSION: Despite soft tissue injuries are relatively common after blunt neck trauma, isolated thyroid gland injury is extremely rare and is present in about 1-2% of the cases and in most of the cases there is an underlining pathology within the gland. Most patients arrived at the emergency room hemodynamically stable, presenting neck swelling, pain, respiratory distress, dysphagia and hoarseness. Diagnosis strategy should be focused to rule out respiratory or vascular compromise. Surgical exploration remains the most common treatment strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the rarity of this condition, physicians should take in mind the possibility of thyroid injury after blunt neck trauma. Early detection and prompt treatment, can reduce life threatening complications. Management should be individualized to patient's characteristics and surgeon's experience.

La internacionalización de la cultura: contribución a la formación integral de profesionales de la salud / The internationalization of culture: a contribution to the full formation of health professionals

Fundamento: el proceso de internacionalización de la cultura educa para el respeto a la diversidad de los pueblos y se convierte en una de las raíces del desarrollo, no solo como crecimiento económico, sino como medio para lograr un balance más satisfactorio en lo intelectual, afectivo, moral y espiritual. Objetivo: exponer las principales experiencias de internacionalización cultural logradas a partir de la aplicación de la estrategia para la gestión cultural, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó una investigación acción con diseño de intervención educativa y comunitaria, durante el curso escolar 2013-2014. La población estuvo constituida por los 1 728 estudiantes de 62 países, que estudian en la institución. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción, y empíricos: el análisis documental y la observación, los que permitieron relacionar las experiencias adquiridas. Resultados: se relacionan las experiencias alcanzadas con la ejecución de la estrategia, donde se aplicaron acciones en los grupos conformados para organizar el trabajo, se pusieron de manifiesto representaciones de las diversas culturas, la interacción social y el diálogo cultural entre estudiantes de todas las nacionalidades, además de la aplicación de sus conocimientos relacionados con su profesión salubrista. Conclusiones: la realización de las acciones constituyen experiencias positivas para el intercambio sociocultural; con la ejecución de la estrategia se profundizó en el conocimiento de los países lo que permitió proteger la memoria histórica y cultural de las nacionalidades representadas y potenciar el respeto por la cultura y la identidad de los pueblos.

Background: the process of internationalization of culture educates people in the respect for other people´s diversity and becomes one of the roots of development, not only seen as an economical growth but also as a way to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, affective, moral and spiritual balance. Objective: to present the principal experiences that have been achieved in the internationalization of culture through the application of a strategy of cultural management, in Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences. Methods: an action research work with an educative and community intervention design was carried out in the academic year 2013-2014. The population comprised 1728 students who study in this institution, they are from 62 countries. Different methods were applied, theoretical methods: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction, and empirical methods: documents review and observation, they allowed relating the acquired experiences. Results: the experiences reached with the execution of the strategy were related, actions to organize the work with the different groups were applied, representations of different cultures, social interaction, and the intercultural dialogue among the students from different nationalities were manifested, besides, the knowledge in relation to their salubrious profession were applied. Conclusions: the actions constitute a positive experience for the socio-cultural exchange; it was deepen inside the knowledge of the countries with the execution of the strategy, this allowed the protection of the historical and cultural memory of the represented nationalities and to promote respect for the culture and identity of those countries.

Laparoscopic management of renal tumors with macroscopic level 1 renal vein involvement.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our surgical experience and clinical outcome in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with level 1 renal vein tumor thrombus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 11 patients with RCC level 1 renal vein tumor thrombus were treated by LRN plus thrombectomy. The mean age was 66.8 years (SD ±11.313); the mean body mass index was 24.76 (SD ±5.091). In all cases, the surgical technique was defined by tumor characteristics and the surgeon's preferences. RESULTS: Surgery was technically successful in all 11 patients. A hand-assisted approach was performed in 3 patients, while pure laparoscopy was used in 8. The mean surgical time was 108.3 min (SD ±28.284); the mean estimated blood loss was 108.33 ml (SD ±106.066); the average hospital stay was 2.8 days (SD ±0.707). There was 1 intraoperative complication (splenic laceration) that was managed laparoscopically. Pathologic examination confirmed RCC in all cases. There were no positive surgical margins. With a mean follow-up of 29 months (27-39), 2 patients had a recurrence. CONCLUSION: This report provides further evidence of the technical feasibility, safety and oncologic adequacy of the laparoscopic approach in RCC with level 1 renal vein involvement. A longer follow-up and multi-institutional studies are needed to adequately evaluate its potential oncologic benefit.

La internacionalización de la cultura: contribución a la formación integral de profesionales de la salud / The internationalization of culture: a contribution to the full formation of health professionals

Fundamento: el proceso de internacionalización de la cultura educa para el respeto a la diversidad de los pueblos y se convierte en una de las raíces del desarrollo, no solo como crecimiento económico, sino como medio para lograr un balance más satisfactorio en lo intelectual, afectivo, moral y espiritual. Objetivo: exponer las principales experiencias de internacionalización cultural logradas a partir de la aplicación de la estrategia para la gestión cultural, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó una investigación acción con diseño de intervención educativa y comunitaria, durante el curso escolar 2013-2014. La población estuvo constituida por los 1 728 estudiantes de 62 países, que estudian en la institución. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción, y empíricos: el análisis documental y la observación, los que permitieron relacionar las experiencias adquiridas. Resultados: se relacionan las experiencias alcanzadas con la ejecución de la estrategia, donde se aplicaron acciones en los grupos conformados para organizar el trabajo, se pusieron de manifiesto representaciones de las diversas culturas, la interacción social y el diálogo cultural entre estudiantes de todas las nacionalidades, además de la aplicación de sus conocimientos relacionados con su profesión salubrista. Conclusiones: la realización de las acciones constituyen experiencias positivas para el intercambio sociocultural; con la ejecución de la estrategia se profundizó en el conocimiento de los países lo que permitió proteger la memoria histórica y cultural de las nacionalidades representadas y potenciar el respeto por la cultura y la identidad de los pueblos(AU)

Sensibilidad y especificidad de la escala de Alvarado en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda comparada con TAC o ultrasonido en las primeras 24 horas de evolución / Sensitivity and specificity of the Alvarado Score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis as compared with CAT scan and ultrasound during the first 24 hours of evolution

Objetivo: Comparar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la escala de Alvarado en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda con la técnica por tomografía axial computada (TAC) y ultrasonido (US). Sede: Hospital Christus Muguerza Alta Especialidad, Monterrey (México). Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, comparativo, observacional y transversal. Análisis estadístico: sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos positivos y negativos. Análisis bayesiano. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron a noventa y nueve pacientes con el diagnóstico clínico sugestivo de apendicitis aguda con menos de 24 horas de evolución y que se sometieron a apendicectomía. Se valoraron clínicamente bajo la escala de Alvarado. A 43 pacientes se les realizó TAC y a 46 US abdominal. Se estableció el valor diagnóstico de la aplicación de la escala por sí sola y se comparó el valor diagnóstico de TAC o US, así como la posibilidad postprueba negativa (PPPN). El estudio histopatológico fue el estándar de oro diagnóstico. Resultados: Noventa y nueve pacientes con evaluación de Alvarado tuvieron una sensibilidad de 73%, especificidad de 57%, valor predictivo (VP) positivo de 91%, VP negativo de 26%, PPPN de 32%. La TAC tuvo una sensibilidad de 92%, especificidad de 0%, VP positivo de 96%, VP negativo de 0%, PPPN de 99%. El US tuvo sensibilidad de 90% especificidad de 50%, VP positivo de 92%, VP negativo de 43% y PPPN de 17%. Conclusión: La escala de Alvarado continúa siendo una buena prueba diagnóstica para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. El ultrasonido es la mejor prueba de imagen diagnóstica adyuvante, ya que cuando indica negatividad para apendicitis, la posibilidad que ésta esté presente es de 17%.

Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the Alvarado score for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with that of computed axial tomography (CAT) scan and ultrasound (US). Setting: Christus Muguerza High Specialty Hospital, Monterrey (México). Design: Prospective, comparative, observational, cross sectional study. Statistical analysis: sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Bayesian analysis. Patients and methods: Ninety-nine patients with clinical diagnosis suggestive of acute appendicitis with less than 24-hour evolution, subjected to appendicectomy. Patients were clinically evaluated with the Alvarado Score, CAT scan was performed in 43 patients, and abdominal US in 46 patients. We established the diagnostic value of the Alvarado Score by itself and compared it with the diagnostic value of CAT scan and US, as well as with the possibility of negative post-test (PNPT). The histopathological study was the diagnostic gold standard. Results: Ninety-nine patients evaluated with the Alvarado score, yielded a sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 57%, positive predictive value (PV) of 91% negative predictive value of 26%, PNPT of 32%. CAT scan had a sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 0%, positive PV of 96%, negative PV of 0%, PNPT of 99%. The US revealed a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 50%, positive PV of 92%, negative PV of 43%, PNPT of 17%. Conclusion: The Alvarado score continues to be a good diagnostic test for acute appendicitis. US is the best adjuvant imaging test, since when it indicates negativity for appendicitis, the possibility that this is present is of 17%.

Osteopetrosis, calcificación más allá del sistema óseo. Reporte de un caso / Osteopetrosis - calcification beyond the skeletal system. A case report

Introducción. La osteopetrosis se presenta por una falla en la apoptosis de los osteoclastos, que producen un hueso altamente calcificado pero con mayor fragilidad. Al acumularse calcio en los espacios de los huesos largos destinados a la hematopoyesis, predomina la hematopoyesis secundaria. Con el tiempo se producen visceromegalias y pancitopenias. Es una enfermedad genética con baja incidencia y poca prevalencia en México. Caso clínico. Se trata de un paciente de sexo femenino de 12 años que inició con dolor en los huesos largos durante su niñez temprana de manera recurrente presentaba múltiples fracturas e infecciones; se mantenía en tratamiento con analgésicos y restricción de calcio. Se le considera como candidata para un trasplante de médula ósea, que no se ha realizado. Conclusiones. La osteopetrosis es una enfermedad poco común y compleja. Actualmente, no existe un tratamiento médico efectivo, por lo que es necesario un abordaje multidisciplinario. El trasplante de médula ósea constituye una alternativa viable para el tratamiento de algunos casos de osteopetrosis severa.

Background. Osteopetrosis represents a lack of apoptosis in osteoclastic activity, producing a highly calcified but fragile bone due to excess of calcium. Excess calcium deposited in the medullary compartment leads to bone expansion, producing a predominant secondary hematopoiesis accompanied by significant visceromegaly and pancytopenia. Osteopetrosis is a genetic disease with a low prevalence and incidence in Mexico. Case report. We report the case of a 12-year-old female who presented with bone pain in the lower extremities at an early age. A radiological diagnosis of ostepetrosis was made, and the condition was complicated by multiple fractures and infections. The patient was treated with dietary modifications and analgesics and was considered to be a candidate for hematopoietic stem-cell transplant. Conclusions. Osteopetrosis is a rare and complex disease without any current effective medical treatment, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation offers a promising alternative treatment for certain cases of severe osteopetrosis.

Propuesta de lineamientos metodológicos que guian la enseñanza de aprendizaje de idioma / Methodological guideline proposal for the teaching of language learning strategies

En el presente trabajo los autores proponen cinco lineamientos metodológicos que guíen la enseñanza de estrategias de aprendizaje de idioma. El mismo es producto del proyecto de investigación pedagógica desarrollado por los autores acerca de un sistema didáctico-metodológico de adquisición de estrategias de aprendizaje para estimular la comunicación oral en Inglés en estudiantes de medicina. Estos lineamientos, aunque tienen un carácter particular pueden transferirse flexiblemente a otras asignaturas, son esenciales y constituyen un sistema. Ellos están contextualizados a partir de la metodología del enfoque comunicativo y del desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa en idioma Inglés en los estudiantes de medicina(AU)

¿Pueden las estrategias de aprendizaje enseñarse para mejorar la comunicación oral en inglés? / Can learning strategies be tanght to improve oral communication in English?

Dada la importancia de que el profesor de idioma inglés enseñe a sus e4studiantes a comunicarse efectivamente, los autores reflexionan sobre la necesidad de enseñar estrategías de aprendizaje en el aula con el fin de que se comuniquen mejor en este dioma extranjero. En la comunicación existen barreras que pueden entorpecerla y que deben ser tomadas por ambos profesores y alumnos(AU)

Relación entre las preferencias sensoriales y las cuatro habilidades del idioma / Relationship between sensorial preferences and the four language skills

Este trabajo esta basado en la revisión bibliográfica de la investigación pedagógica acerca de los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de medicina realizada por los autores. Todos los alumnos aprenden diferente. Algunos de ellos prefieren aprender a través del oído, otros a través de la vista y así sucesivamente. Estas preferencias sensoriales están relacionadas con las cuatro habilidades del idioma. Como parte de las diferencias individuales, el profesor debe tomar en cuenta estos estilos de aprendizaje. En este trabajo muestran la relación entre las preferencias sensoriales y las cuatro habilidades del idioma y proponen un ejemplo de como al diseñar actividades que satisfagan las distintas preferencias sensoriales se pueden integrar estas cuatro habilidades lo cual mejorará la eficiencia comunicativa

Relación entre las preferencias sensoriales y las cuatro habilidades del idioma / Relationship between sensorial preferences and the four language skills

Este trabajo esta basado en la revisión bibliográfica de la investigación pedagógica acerca de los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de medicina realizada por los autores. Todos los alumnos aprenden diferente. Algunos de ellos prefieren aprender a través del oído, otros a través de la vista y así sucesivamente. Estas preferencias sensoriales están relacionadas con las cuatro habilidades del idioma. Como parte de las diferencias individuales, el profesor debe tomar en cuenta estos estilos de aprendizaje. En este trabajo muestran la relación entre las preferencias sensoriales y las cuatro habilidades del idioma y proponen un ejemplo de como al diseñar actividades que satisfagan las distintas preferencias sensoriales se pueden integrar estas cuatro habilidades lo cual mejorará la eficiencia comunicativa(AU)